Historiography: Development in the west
Q1 What is historiography ?
Ans 1) The writing of historical narrative after critically examining the historical sources known as historiography.
2) A scholar who writes such a narrative is historian.
3) Style of writing is determined by the conceptual framework adopted by the historian.
Q2 What are the four main characteristics of historiography ?
Four main characteristics of modern Historiography :-
1) Its method is based on scientific principles. It begins with the formation of relevant questions.
2) Those questions are anthropocentric. It means that these questions are about the deeds of the members of ancient human societies of a particular period. History does not suggest any interrelation between the divine and human deeds.
3) Answers to these questions are supported by reliable evidence
4) History presents graph of mankind's Journey with the help of past human deads.
Q3 Why did Foucault called his method the Archaeology of knowledge.
Ans 1) In the 20th century Michael Foucault, a French historian brought forth a new concept in historiography.
2) He rejected the practice of arranging historical events in a chronological order. 3) He explained that archaeology does not intend to reach the ultimate historical truth but attempts to explain various transitions in the past.
4) Foucault subjected the so far unacknowledged areas by historians like psychological disorders, science of prison administration etc. to historical analysis.
Hence Foucault called his method, which gave importance to explain the transitions in history, as the 'Archaeology of knowledge'.
Q4 What did Rene descartes insist upon ?
Ans 1) Rene descartes was foremost among the scholars who insisted on verifying reliability of historical documents by critically examining them.
2) Among the rules given by him in this book. 'Discourse on the method', the following is supposed to have a great impact on the scientific method of research: Never to anything for true till all grounds of doubt are excluded.
Q5 Why is Voltaire said to be the founder of modern historiography?
Ans 1) Voltaire opined that along with objective truth and chronology of historical events considering social traditions, trade, economy, agriculture, etc was also equally important in historiography.
2) It gave rise to the thought that understanding all aspects of human life is important for history writing.
3) Thus, it is said that Voltaire was the founder of modern historiography.
Q6 Explain Karl Marx's 'Class Theory'.
Ans 1) According to Karl Marx history was not about abstract ideas, it was about living people.
2) Human relationships were shaped by the fundamental needs of people and their ownership as well as nature of the prevalent means of production to meet those needs
3) The accessibility of those means to different strata of society may not be equal.
4) The inequality causes a division of society into classes leading to a class struggle.
5) The class that owns the means of production economically exploits the rest of the classes.
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